computer history

Since yore, the data processing has been done by humans.
Humans also find tools for electronic and mechanical help
man in the calculation and data processing that can get
results more quickly. Computers that we had when this is a long evolution
from the discovery of human-sejah yore form of mechanical equipment
and electronic. Currently, the computer and its tools have entered
in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now
the ability of more than a normal math calculations.
Among them is a computer system at the supermarkets that are able kassa
read the code of goods shopping, telephone exchange that handles millions
calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet
mennghubungkan various places in the processing equipment also dunia.Bagaimanapun
data from the primeval since until now we can grade to within 4
large groups.
1. Equipment manual: data processing equipment that is a very simple,
and the most important factors in the use of tools is to use energy
human
2. Mechanical equipment: equipment that is already a form of mechanical
moved by hand manually
3. Mechanical Electronic equipment: equipment mechanics, which moved in
automatically by the electric motor
4. Electronic equipment: Equipment that works in electronic full
This paper will provide an overview of the history of the computer from time to time to
period, particularly data-processing equipment.


TOOLS CALCULATE TRADITIONAL and MEKANIK CALCULATOR
Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia and the still small
used in some places, up to now, can be considered as early
the first computing machine.
This tool allows users to perform calculations
use the seeds on the slide, which set a rack. The traders in
Abacus use that time to calculate transactions.
Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, Abacus
loss of popularity. After almost 12 centuries, the discovery of another appear
in the computing engine. In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), which
at that time aged 18 years, found what he called as
numeric calculator wheel (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father
calculate tax
This brass-square box, called a Pascaline, using eight
toothed wheels turn to sum up the number to eight digits. Tool


is a tool based on the number ten. The weaknesses of this tool
is only limited to addition.
In 1694, a French and German philosopher, Wilhem von Gottfred
Leibniz (1646-1716) to improve the Pascaline machine that can make
multiplying. Just as predecessor, the tool is working with mechanics
using wheel-wheel serration. With notes and learn gambargambar
made by Pascal, Leibniz can perfect the device.
Then in 1820, starting popular mechanical calculator. Charles Xavier
Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four functions
aritmatik basis. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, present
a more practical approach in the calculation because it can
do addition, subtraction, multiplication, danpembagian. With
ability, arithometer much used to the time of World War I.
Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar help build era
mechanical computing. Beginning the first computer that actually formed by
seoarng mathematics professor English, Microsoft Vista (1791-1871).
In 1812, Babbage consider the suitability of the natural mechanism
and mathematics: the engine mechanics are very good in the task of
same repeatedly without error; are mathematics requires repetition
from a simple step-by-step particularly. The problem is kemudain
growing up to put the engine mechanics as a tool to answer
mechanical needs. Babbage's first effort to answer this problem
appear in the year 1822 when he proposes a machine to do
differensial calculation equation.


The engine is called the Machine Differensial. By using energy
steam, the machine can save the program and can do calculations
and print the results automatically. After working with machinery
Differensial for ten years, Babbage suddenly inspired to start
create a general-purpose computer that first, called the Analytical
Engine. Assistant Babbage, Augusta There King (1815-1842) has an important role
in the making of this machine. He helped revise the plan, find
funding from the British government, and efforts to specifications
Anlytical Engine to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta
on this machine to enable the making instructions included
dlam engine and also to make it the first woman programmer.
In 1980, the United States Department of Defense designate a
programming language with the name as WITH homage to him.
Babbage steam engine, although it was never completed, it appears very
primitive when compared with the current standard. However,
it describes the basic elements of a modern computer and
also revealed an important concept. Consists of about 50,000
components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine to use the cards
perforation (holey), which contains instructions for operating these machines.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principles of the card
perforation to make the calculation. First task is
find a faster way to do the calculation for the Bureau
United States Census. The previous census conducted in the year 1880
takes seven years to complete the calculations. With
the growing population, Bureau estimates that the required time
ten years to complete the census calculation.

Hollerith card perforation to enter census data that
then processed by means of these mechanics. A card can be
save up to 80 variables. By using these tools, results
census can be completed within six weeks. In addition to having
benefits in the areas of speed, the card works as a media
data storage. The level of calculation errors can also be pressed in
drastically. Hollerith and develop these tools and to menjualny
the wider community. He established the Tabulating Machine Company in the year 1896
that became International Business Machine (1924) after
experienced several mergers. Other companies such as Remington Rand and
Burroghs also produces equipment for perforation pembac card business.
Perforation card used by business and government to
permrosesan data until 1960. In the next few engineers
create another new discovery. Vannevar Bush (1890 - 1974) make
a calculator to complete equality differensial in 1931.
These machines can solve the complex equation differensial
This complex is considered by the academia. The engine is very large
and a hundred serration because of the weight and bearing needed to do
calculation.
In the year 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make
electrical computer that apply Boolean algebra in the electrical circuit.

This approach is based on the results of work George Boole (1815-1864) form
binary system of algebra, stating that each of the math equation
can be expressed as true or false. With conditions apply
is one of the electrical circuits in the form of lost-connected, Atanasoff
Berry and create the first computer in the electricity in 1940.
However, the project stopped because they lost their source of funding.
COMPUTER first generation
With the occurrence of World War Two, countries involved in the
the war is trying to develop computer mengeksploit
strategic potential of the computer. This funding increase
development of computer and computer techniques to accelerate progress. In
year 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a
computer, the Z3, for designing aircraft and missile control
The allies also made progress in the development of strength
computer. In 1943, the United Kingdom complete the computer code breaker
secret, called Colossus to solve the secret code -
Germany used. Impact of making too does not affect the Colossus
development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the Colossus
is not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), he only

designed to solve the secret code. Second, the existence of this machine is kept
confidential until a decade after the war ended.
Business conducted by the United States at the time resulted in a
Other progress. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), an engineer of the Harvard
working with IBM, successfully producing electronic calculator for the U.S. Navy.
The calculator is half the size of football fields long legs and has a
cable range of 500 miles. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic computer relai. He
using electromagnetic signals to drive mechanical components.
Beropreasi with these machines, slow (3-5 seconds he needs to
every calculation) is not flexible and (the order of calculation can not be changed).
The calculator can perform basic calculations and aritmatik
a more complex equation. The development of other computers on the current
is the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), created by
cooperation between the United States government and the University of Pennsylvania.
Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistor, and 5 million point solder,
the computer is a machine that consume a very large
160kW of power.

This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. DN
Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC computer is a versatile (general purpose
computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.
In mid-1940's, John von Neumann (1903-1957) join
with a team of the University of Pennsylvania in the building design concept Usha
computers up to 40 years, still used in the technique
computer. Von Neumann designing discrete Electronic Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate
both programs or data. This technique allows the computer to stop
at a time and then resume work again. Key
von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which
allows all functions of the computer for coordinated through one
single source. 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I)
created by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer
utilize the architecture model of the von Neumann.
Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC.
One of the impressive results that are achieved by the UNIVAC

predict success in the victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in
1952 presidential election. The first generation of computer dikarakteristik
with the fact that the operating instructions are created for a specific task
certain. Each computer has a program code-binary different
called "language machine" (machine language). This causes the computer
difficult for the programmed and the speed limit.
Another characteristic of the first computer generation is the use of vacuum Tube (the
create a computer at the time the size of very large) and the cylinder
for magnetic data storage.
COMPUTER second generation
In 1948, the discovery of transistor greatly affect the development of
computer. Replace the transistor Tube vacuum in television, radio, and computers.
As a result, the size of electrical machinery decreased drastically.

Transistor used in starting the computer started in 1956.
The discovery of another form of the development of magnetic-core memory help
development of computer second-generation of smaller, faster, more
reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor.
The first machines that use this new technology is superkomputer.
IBM makes superkomputer called stretch, and make Sprery-Rand
computer called LARC. Komputerkomputer, which was developed for
atomic energy laboratory, can handle large amounts of data, a
the ability of researchers is needed by the atom. The engine is very
tend to be expensive and too complex for business computing needs,
kepopulerannya that limit. There are only two that had LARC
installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore,
California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in
Washington D.C. Computers replace the second-generation machine language
with assembly language. Assembly language is the language use
abbreviation-replaces singakatan to binary code.
In the early 1960s, the computer begins to appear that the second generation success
in business, in universities and in government. Computers
This is the second generation of computers that use the full
transistor. They also have components that can be associated
with the computer at this time: a printer, disk storage in, memory,
operating system and programs.

One important example of the computer at this time is that IBM 1401
secaa widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all
big business is using a computer to process the second generation
financial information. Programs that are stored in the computer and language
programming that the flexibility to the computer.
This increased flexibility with the performance of the price reasonable for
the use of the business. With this concept, the machine can print the invoice
purchase and run consumers and design products or
calculate the payroll.
Some programming language begins to appear at that time. Language
programming Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and the Formula
Translator (FORTRAN) from general use. This programming language
replace a complex machine code with the words, sentences, and the formula
mathematics, which are more easily understood by humans. This facilitates
someone to program and set the computer. Various career
new pop (programmer, Analyst, experts and computer systems). Industry
software and also start work on developing the computer
This second generation.
COMPUTER third generation
Although the transistor in many cases surpass Tube vacuum, but
transistor generates heat that is large enough, which can potentially
damage to parts of the internal computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock)
eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument,
develop integrated circuits (IC: integrated circuit) in the year 1958. IC
combine the three electronic components in a small Silicon disc
made of quartz sand. In the scientists and successfully enter

more components into a single chip called
Semiconductor. The result, the computer becomes increasingly small as
komponenkomponen can dipadatkan in the chip. The progress of computer
The third generation is the use of other operating systems (operating system)
which allows the engine to run many different programs
simultaneously with a major program that monitors and
coordinate the computer memory.
COMPUTER GENERASI FOURTH
After the IC, the purpose of developing a more clear: to shrink the size of
komponenkomponen and electrical circuits. Large Scale Integration (LSI) can
contains hundreds of components in a chip. In the 1980s, Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a chip
single.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase the number of these
millions. The ability to install so many components in the
a chip that berukurang half chip coin encourage
decrease in the price and size of the computer. It also enhances
work, efficiency and keterandalan computer. Intel chips are made in 4004
1971 brought progress in the IC to put all the components
from a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output)

in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made for
to a certain specific tasks. Now, a
microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet
all needs desired. Not long after, each device
household, such as microwave oven, television, and cars with electronic fuel
injection equipped with a microprocessor
This allows the development of the people to normal
use the computer normally. Computers no longer be dominated
large companies or government agencies.
In the mid-1970s, perakit offers computer products
their computers to the general public. These computers, called
minikomputer, sold with a software package that is easy to use by
among the public. Counterfeit software is most popular at the time the program is
word processing and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, video games such as Atari
In 2600 to attract the attention of consumers on the home computer is more sophisticated
and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC)
for use in the home, office and school. The number of PC use
jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to be 5.5 million units in 1982.
Ten years later, 65 million PC use. Computers continue
evolusinya toward smaller sizes, from the computer on

table (desktop computers) to a computer that can be inserted into the
bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh compete in the market
computer. Apple Macintosh became famous because popularize the system
graphics on the computer, competed while still using the computer
The text-based. Macintosh also popularize the use of the mouse tool.
At the time now, we know way compatible with IBM
the use of the CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV
(Serial from the Intel-made CPU). Also, we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all
incoming classes in the fourth generation computer.
Along with menjamurnya the use of computers in the workplace, ways
to explore new potential continues to be developed. Along with the increase
strong, a small computer, it can be connected komputerkomputer
simultaneously in a network to share a memory, tools
software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each
another. Computer networks allow computers to form a single
electronic cooperation to resolve the tasks of a process. With

perkabelan direct use (also called a local area network, LAN), or
phone cable, this network can grow to a very large
COMPUTER GENERASI KELIMA
Defining the fifth generation computers become quite difficult because this stage
still running. Examples of imaginative computer is the fifth generation computer
HAL9000 fiction novels in the works of Arthur C. Clarke entitled "2001: Space Odyssey.
HAL displays all the desired functions of a computer
fifth generation. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL can
logics have enough to do with human percapakan,
use of visual feedback, and learning from the experience itself.
Although it may be realized HAL9000 still far from reality, many
functions that have been held realized. Some computers can
receive instructions verbally and able to mimic human logics. Capabilities
to translate foreign languages also become possible. This facility is visible
simple. However, these facilities become far more complex than suspected
when programmers realized that human understanding is very dependent
in the context and understanding rather than translating words
directly.
Many of progress in the field of design and computer technology more
allows the creation of a fifth-generation computer. Two engineering progress
which is mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will
replace the model of non Neumann. Model non-Neumann will be replaced
with a system that is able to coordinate multiple CPUs to work
in unison. Progress is another technology that superkonduktor
allows the flow of electricity without any obstacles, which can later
accelerate the speed of information. Japan is famous in the country
socialization jargon and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT

(New Institute for Computer Technology) also formed to merealisasikannya.
Many news stating that this project has failed, but some
other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will
bring a new paradigm changes in the computerized world. We wait
information which is valid and produce results.